A method to deliver molecular “scissors” into T cells in mice makes the cells downright hostile to HIV. Not only do the cells reject the virus’s advances, but copies of the virus already inside the cells get snipped up.

The technique is the first to deliver these HIV-fighting scissors — called small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs — into T cells in living animals, Premlata Shankar of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in El Paso and her colleagues report in the Aug. 22 Cell. Shankar performed the research while at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

“I think they’ve shown very nicely that you can ... target T cells and knock down the virus,” comments John Rossi, an AIDS researcher at the Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope in Duarte, Calif. “It’s a nice proof of principle that I think could be developed into a viable therapy.”

Previous research on cells grown in lab dishes showed that customized siRNAs can snip up the molecules that enable HIV to enter and subsequently kill T cells. Loss of these immune system cells leads to the immune deficiencies characteristic of AIDS.

In the new experiments, Shankar and her colleagues injected the custom siRNAs into mice that had their blood cells replaced with human ones. HIV can normally attack and kill human T cells in mice, but the siRNAs prevented loss of T cells due to the virus, the team reports.

“I think it could become a very good adjunct therapy,” Shankar says. “This would add to the arsenal.”

Existing HIV drugs also inhibit the virus from replicating inside T cells, and the health benefits of this new approach — if it’s ever approved for human use — would be similar. But unlike existing drugs, siRNAs are inherently flexible, so scientists could quickly adapt the siRNAs to target viral mutations that often make HIV resistant to conventional drugs.

An siRNA is a short molecule only 20 to 25 “letters” of genetic code long. If that code matches up with the sequence of letters in a gene, the siRNA will block the production of the protein coded by the gene.

Shankar’s team used an siRNA that targets the gene for a protein called CCR5. This protein sits on the outside surface of T cells. To enter the cells, most HIV variants must first bind to CCR5. So blocking the production of CCR5 slams the door on HIV. If it can’t enter the cells, HIV can’t replicate and hence kill the cells.

To deliver this siRNA — along with two others that target the genetic code of the virus itself — the researchers coupled the molecules to an antibody that targets a specific protein on the surface of T cells. When the siRNA-antibody pairs bind to this protein, called CD7, the cells swallow them.

The targeted delivery appeared specific enough to avoid toxic side effects, but more research to check for toxicity is needed, Rossi says. And the mouse antibody needs to be adapted for humans to prevent dangerous immune reactions.

May 8, 2009

May 22, 2009

King Ahasuerus (also known as Xerxes) held a 180-day feast in Susa (Shushan) to display the vast wealth of his kingdom and the splendor and glory of his majesty. King Ahasuerus ordered his queen, Vashti, to appear before him and his guests wearing her crown, to display her beauty. But when the attendants delivered the king's command to Queen Vashti, she refused to come, for she wanted to be treated as a queen, not a pet. Furious at her refusal to obey, the King asked his wise men what should be done. http://LOUIS2J2SHEEHAN.US The Book of Esther does not say what happened to her - various sources suggest banishment or death. The severity of the verdict was meant to establish male dominion over their wives and to force the women into obedience.

To find a new suitable queen for King Ahasuerus, it was decreed that all beautiful young women be gathered to the palace from every province of his kingdom. Each woman underwent twelve months of purification treatments and pregnancy watch in his harem, after which she would go to the King. When the woman's turn came, she was given anything she wanted to take with her from the harem to the king's palace. She would then go to the king in the evening, and in the morning return to the harem as his concubine. She would not return to the King unless he was pleased enough with her to summon her again.

Four years after Queen Vashti was banished, King Ahasuerus chose the Jewish Esther for his wife and queen because he was captivated by her beauty and intelligence.

Shortly afterward, Mordecai, Esther's cousin, overheard a plot to assassinate the King. He promptly told Esther of it, and she warned her husband of the threat. An investigation was made and the conspirators were swiftly arrested and executed. As such, the King ordered Mordecai's deed to be recorded in history.

Soon after this, the king granted Haman the Agagite, one of the most prominent princes of the realm, supreme authority over the kingdom. All the people were to bow down to Haman when he rode his horse through the streets. All complied except for Mordecai, a Jew, who would bow to no one but his God. This enraged Haman, who, with his wife and advisers, plotted against the Jews, making a plan to kill and extirpate all Jews throughout the Persian empire, selecting the date for this genocidal act by the drawing of lots.Esther 3:17 He gained the king's approval. He offered ten thousand silver talents to the king for approval of this plan, but the king refused to take them.Esther 3:9-11

Mordecai tore his robes and put ash on his head (signs of mourning or grieving/anguish) on hearing this news. Esther sent clean clothes to him, but he refused them, explaining that deliverance for the Jews would come from some other place (presumably God, as the Jews God's chosen people), but that Esther would be killed if she did not do what she could to stop this genocide - by talking to the King. Esther was not permitted to see the King unless he had asked for her, otherwise she could be put to death. Esther was terrified of this (she had not been called to the king in 30 days), so she and her maid-servants and her people the Jews of Persia fasted earnestly for three days before she built up the courage to enter the king's presence. He held out his scepter to her, showing that he accepted her visit. Esther requested a banquet with the king and Haman. During the banquet, she requested another banquet with the King and Haman the following day.

After the banquet Haman ordered a gallows constructed, 75 feet (23 m) high, on which to hang Mordecai. Meanwhile, the King was having trouble sleeping, and had some histories read to him. He was reminded that Mordecai had saved him from an assassination attempt, and had received no reward in return. Early the next morning, Haman came to the king to ask permssion to hang Mordecai, but before he could, the king asked him "What should be done for the man whom the king delights to honour?" Haman thought the king meant himself, so he said that the man should wear a royal robe and be led on one of the king's horses through the city streets proclaiming before him, "This is what is done for the man the king delights to honour!" The king thought this well, then asked Haman to lead Mordecai through the streets in this way, to honour him for previously telling the king of a plot against him. After doing this, Haman rushed home, full of grief. His wife said to him, "You will surely come to ruin!"  http://LOUIS2J2SHEEHAN.US

That night, during the banquet, Esther told the king of Haman's plan to massacre all Jews in the Persian Empire, and acknowledged her own Jewish ethnicity. The king was enraged and ordered Haman to be hanged on the gallows he had built for Mordecai. The king then appointed Mordecai as his prime minister, and gave the Jews the right to defend themselves against any enemy.   Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

A peculiarity of Persian law that also occurs in the Book of Daniel is that royal edicts of this sort could not be reversed, even by the king – by siding with the Jews instead of their persecutors, the King presumably dissuaded any pogroms. The King also issued a second edict allowing the Jews to arm themselves, which precipitated a series of reprisals by the Jews against their enemies. This fight began on the 13th of Adar, the date the Jews were originally slated to be exterminated. Esther and the Jews went on to kill not only their would-be executioners, but also their wives and children, this altogether meaning three hundred killed in Susa alone, fifteen in the rest of the empire.

Jews established an annual feast, the feast of Purim, in memory of their deliverance. According to traditional Jewish dating this took place about fifty-two years after the return.

Esther appears in the Bible as a woman of deep faith, courage and patriotism, ultimately willing to risk her life for her adoptive father, Mordecai, and the Jewish people. Scripture portrays her as a woman raised up as an instrument in the hand of God to avert the destruction of the Jewish people, and to afford them protection and forward their wealth and peace in their captivity. It is notable, though, that there is no direct mention of God by any name at any time in the Biblical Book of Esther.. The Story of Esther is said to come from an older goddess Elamite myth of Ishtar/Ashtarte (Esther) and her consort Marduk (Mordecai), who sacrificed the god Hammon, or Amon (Haman).^[1].

For a discussion of the historicity of Esther, see Book of Esther.

[edit] Modern retelling

• In 1689, Jean Baptiste Racine wrote Esther, a tragedy, at the request of Louis XIV's wife, Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon.
• In 1718, Handel wrote the oratorio Esther based on Racine's play.
• The play entitled Esther (1960), written by Welsh dramatist Saunders Lewis, is a retelling of the story in Welsh.
• A movie about the story, Esther and the King
• One of the parts of Amos Gitai's Exile series, called Esther is an updated version of the story.
• There is a fictional book by Rebecca Kohn called The Gilded Chamber that retells the story.
• "Behold Your Queen!" (1951) by Gladys Malvern is a re-telling of the Biblical story, suitable for young girls.
• Another novel by Norah Lofts, "Esther", recounts the well-known story.
• 1962 musical entitled Swan Esther was written by J. Edward Oliver and Nick Munns and has been performed by the Young Vic and some amateur groups.
• A 1978 miniseries entitled The Greatest Heroes of the Bible starred Victoria Principal as Esther, Robert Mandan as Xerxes, and Michael Ansara as Haman.
• Episode 25 of the 1981 anime series Superbook involves this story.
• A 1999 TV movie that follows the biblical account very closely, Esther. Starred Louise Lombard in the title role and F. Murray Abraham as Mordecai.
• In 2000, VeggieTales, a company that uses CGI vegetables to teach children lessons from the Bible in a comical way, released Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen.
• In 2005, biblical novelist Ginger Garrett released, Chosen: The Lost Diaries of Queen Esther 480-465 BC.
• In 2006, Lightstone Studios, LLC released "Esther and the King," a live-action movie musical. It is part of the Liken Bible Series. See www.Likenit.com.
• A 2006 movie about Esther and Ahasuerus, entitled One Night with the King, stars Tiffany Dupont and Luke Goss. It was based on the novel Hadassah: One Night with the King by Tommy Tenney and Mark Andrew Olsen.
• In the 2006 Melbourne Fringe Festival, The Backyard Bard toured a Biblical Storytelling production of 'Esther', featuring four women storytellers telling the story word-for-word from the Biblical account.
• In the anime Trinity Blood Esther is the main character, a nun with a star on her side. She is prophesied to be "the morning star" who will lead the people to peace.
• A "pop opera" Luv Esther has toured the United Kingdom to much acclaim and was performed at London's Shaw Theatre on 8 and 9 May 2008 as part of the first Pentecost Festival weekend.
• In the 2008 HBO television movie Recount, Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris (portrayed by Laura Dern) compares herself to Queen Esther, of whom she says "was willing to sacrifice herself to save the lovely Jewish people."
• Esther is one of the five heroines of the Order of the Eastern Star.

Origin and meaning of her name

According to the Esther 2:7, Esther was originally named Hadassah. Hadassah means "myrtle" in Hebrew and the name Esther is most likely related to the Median word for myrtle, astra, and the Persian word setareh meaning star — the myrtle blossom resembles a twinkling star. The Targum provides another Midrashic explanation: that she was as beautiful as the Evening Star (or Morning Star), which is astara in Greek. In the Talmud, Tractate Yoma (29a), Esther is compared to the "morning star", and is considered the subject of Psalm 22 because its introduction is a "song for the morning star."

Esther can also be understood to mean "hidden" in Hebrew, and her name is interpreted thus in Midrash, where it is said that Esther hid her nationality and lineage as Mordecai had advised. Because the methods and aims of God are believed to be similarly hidden, "The Book of Esther" in Hebrew can be understood as "The Book of Hiddenness," representing God's hiddenness in the story. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Despite resembling Indo-European words for star, the Semitic "Ishtar" is unrelated, the root beginning with a pharyngeal ayin and the sh sound derived from an earlier th sound.) "Ishtar" was worshipped throughout the Middle East as a goddess. Some critics of the historicity of the Book of Esther seized on this as evidence to support a view that the story of Esther derived from a myth about Ishtar. However, in Hebrew the goddess was referred to by the Hebrew cognate of her name - Ashtoreth. "Esther" cannot be derived directly from the latter. The Book of Daniel provides accounts of Jews in exile being assigned names relating to Babylonian gods and "Mordecai" is understood to mean servant of Marduk, a Babylonian god. "Esther" may have been a Hebrew rendition of a form of "Ishtar" in which the "sh" sound had become an "s" sound. Wilson, who identified Ahasuerus with Xerxes I and Esther with Amestris, suggested that both "Amestris" and "Esther" derived from Akkadian Ammi-Ishtar or Ummi-Ishtar ^[2]. Hoschander alternatively suggested Ishtar-udda-sha ("Ishtar is her light") as the origin with the possibility of -udda-sha being connected with the similarly sounding Hebrew name Hadassah.

May 28, 2009

[1]